Brief counseling for smoking cessation and alcohol use reduction concomitant with hospital procedures: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of brief counseling on patient readiness for behavioral change and cessation/reduction of tobacco and alcohol use. METHODS: This clinical trial randomized patients in blocks, stratified by risk factor. Adult smokers or at-risk drinkers undergoing surgical or diagnostic procedures were recruited. Outcome assessments and analyses were blinded. Brief counseling was compared with educational materials for the outcomes progress in stage of change and smoking/alcohol cessation/reduction. RESULTS: Overall, 222 participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 218 to the control group. Among them, 28 and 18 patients were lost to follow-up, respectively. Progress in change stage was 94.1% at 1 month in both groups (RR = 1.00; 95%CI 0.95-1.05) and 94.8 vs. 90.5% at 3 months (RR = 1.05; 95%CI 0.99-1.11) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Smoking cessation and alcohol reduction rates at 3 months were 57.2 vs. 41% (RR = 1.40; 95%CI 1.14-1.71) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Only brief counseling led to significant differences in smoking cessation (51.4 vs. 35.1%; RR = 1.46; 95%CI 1.12-1.92). CONCLUSIONS: Brief counseling and educational materials improved patient motivation for behavioral change, but brief counseling had a greater effect on smoking cessation.

Brief counseling for smoking cessation and alcohol use reduction concomitant with hospital procedures: a randomized clinical trial

Objective: To evaluate the effect of brief counseling on patient readiness for behavioral change and cessation/reduction of tobacco and alcohol use. Methods: This clinical trial randomized patients in blocks, stratified by risk factor. Adult smokers or at-risk drinkers undergoing surgical or diagnostic procedures were recruited. Outcome assessments and analyses were blinded. Brief counseling was compared with educational materials for the outcomes progress in stage of change and smoking/alcohol cessation/reduction. Results: Overall, 222 participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 218 to the control group. Among them, 28 and 18 patients were lost to follow-up, respectively. Progress in change stage was 94.1% at 1 month in both groups (RR = 1.00; 95%CI 0.95-1.05) and 94.8 vs. 90.5% at 3 months (RR = 1.05; 95%CI 0.99-1.11) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Smoking cessation and alcohol reduction rates at 3 months were 57.2 vs. 41% (RR = 1.40; 95%CI 1.14-1.71) in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Only brief counseling led to significant differences in smoking cessation (51.4 vs. 35.1%; RR = 1.46; 95%CI 1.12-1.92). Conclusions: Brief counseling and educational materials improved patient motivation for behavioral change, but brief counseling had a greater effect on smoking cessation. Clinical trial registration: NCT03521622

Sociodemographic, family and clinical characteristics associated with smoking cessation intention among smokers treated in a quaternary care hospital / Características sociodemográficas, familiares y clínicas asociadas con la intención de cesación del tabaquismo en fumadores atendidos en un hospital de cuarto nivel

Abstract Introduction: Smoking cessation interventions are a priority in medical care settings, including hospitals. Objectives: To describe the sociodemographic, family, and clinical characteristics of smokers treated in a quaternary care hospital and to establish the variables associated with smoking cessation intention in order to optimize the management of this risk factor in the hospital setting. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 321 active smokers treated between April 2018 and November 2019 in Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Smoking prevalence was calculated, and participants' sociodemographic, family, and clinical information was obtained and subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics. Associations between said variables and cessation intention were established by means of bivariate (chi-squared test) and multivariate analyses (ordinal logistic regression model with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals). Results: Smoking prevalence was 8.89% (95%CI: 7.97-9.82), (N=3609; n=321 active smokers). Most participants were men (66.67%), had a low or middle socioeconomic status (96.89%) and a basic educational level (52.34%), and 42.06% were between 46 and 64 years old. The majority of active smokers had a mild degree of smoking consumption and low level of nicotine dependence (78.82% and 81.62%, respectively). Furthermore, 78.82% reported previous attempts to quit smoking. Nuclear family was the predominant family type (58.57%), and 40.19% of smokers experienced some degree of family dysfunction. Smokers with more perceived benefits derived from smoking cessation and high self-efficacy are more likely to make a smoking cessation attempt (OR=9.44, 95%CI:1.27-85.03 and OR=3.73, 95%CI:1.55-8.78, respectively). Conclusions: The identification and characterization of smokers in the hospital setting provides useful insights to personalize smoking cessation interventions.

Resumen Introducción. Las intervenciones dirigidas a la cesación del tabaquismo son una prioridad en los escenarios de atención médica, incluido el hospitalario. Objetivos. Describir las características sociodemográficas, familiares y clínicas de fumadores atendidos en un hospital de cuarto nivel y establecer las variables asociadas con la intención de cesación del tabaquismo con el fin de optimizar el manejo de este factor de riesgo en el entorno hospitalario. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en 321 fumadores activos atendidos entre abril de 2018 y noviembre de 2019 en Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Se calculó la prevalencia de tabaquismo y se obtuvo información sociodemográfica, familiar y clínica, la cual fue analizada mediante estadística descriptiva. Se establecieron asociaciones entre dichas variables y la intención de cesación mediante un análisis bivariado (prueba X2) y uno multivariado (modelo de regresión logística ordinal con sus correspondientes intervalos de confianza al 95%). Resultados. La prevalencia de tabaquismo activo fue de 8.89% (IC95%: 7.97-9.82), (N=3 609; n=321 fumadores activos). La mayoría fueron hombres (66.67%), de estrato socioeconómico bajo o medio (96.89%), con nivel educativo básico (52.34%) y el 42.06% estaban entre los 46 y 64 años. La mayoría de los fumadores activos tenían un grado leve de tabaquismo y un bajo nivel de dependencia a la nicotina (78.82% y 81.62%, respectivamente); además, el 78.82% reportó intentos previos de cesación. El tipo de familia predominante fue la nuclear (58.57%) y 40.19% de los fumadores experimentaban algún grado de disfuncionalidad familiar. Los fumadores con mayor percepción de beneficios derivados de dejar de fumar y con alta autoeficacia tienen una mayor probabilidad de realizar un intento de cesación de tabaquismo (OR=9.44; IC95%: 1.27-85.03 and OR=3.73; 95%CI: 1.55-8.78, respectivamente). Conclusiones. La identificación y caracterización de fumadores en el entorno hospitalario brinda claves para personalizar las intervenciones de cesación del tabaquismo.

Effectiveness of brief counselling in a hospital setting for smoking cessation and risky alcohol drinking reduction: randomised clinical trial protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic diseases are a public health problem, and 80% of them are related to modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and risky alcohol consumption. Although the intervention in smoking and hazardous alcohol drinking has proven to be effective in Primary Care, it is unknown whether it works in the same way in the hospital setting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of brief counselling in order to modify the stage of change in smokers and at-risk drinkers treated in a high complexity hospital. METHODS: A Randomised controlled trial to be conducted, in which an evaluation is made of four brief counselling strategies for smoking cessation and risky alcohol consumption compared to usual care, selected according to the patient's stage of change. The primary result will be the proportion of patients in each of the groups (intervention and control) with identified progress in the stage of change. The reduction of consumption will be also be analysed. Protocol registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03521622). RESULTS: The results will be published in scientific journals, and its application aims to generate behavioural intervention protocols for modifiable risk factors in high complexity hospitals. The trial was presented and approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio, Bogota, Colombia (Approval 01/2018).

Efectividad de la consejería breve en el ámbito hospitalario para la cesación del tabaquismo y la disminución del consumo riesgoso de alcohol: Protocolo de un experimento clínico aleatorizado / Effectiveness of Brief Counseling in a Hospital Setting for Smoking Cessation and Risky Alcohol Drinking Reduction: Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas son un problema de salud pública; el 80% de ellas se relacionan con factores de riesgo modificables, como una dieta poco saludable, la inactividad física, el tabaquismo y el consumo riesgoso de alcohol. La intervención en el tabaquismo y el consumo riesgoso de alcohol se ha demostrado efectiva en el cuidado primario, pero se desconoce si funciona de la misma manera en el contexto hospitalario. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la consejería breve para modificar el estadio de cambio en pacientes fumadores y bebedores en riesgo atendidos en un hospital de alta complejidad. Métodos: Experimento clínico aleatorizado, que evalúa la efectividad de 4 modalidades de consejería breve para la cesación de tabaquismo y el consumo riesgoso de alcohol en comparación con el cuidado habitual, seleccionadas según el estadio de cambio del sujeto. El resultado primario es la proporción de pacientes en cada uno de los grupos (intervención y control) en los cuales se identifica el avance en el estadio de cambio; además se analizará la reducción de consumos. Protocolo registrado en ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03521622). Resultados: Los resultados se publicarán en revistas de literatura científica y su aplicación pretende generar protocolos de intervenciones conductuales en factores de riesgo modificables en hospitales de alta complejidad. El experimento fue presentado y aprobado por el Comité de Ética e Investigación de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana y el Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio (aprobación 01/2018).

Abstrac Introduction: Chronic diseases are a public health problem, and 80% of them are related to modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and risky alcohol consumption. Although the intervention in smoking and hazardous alcohol drinking has proven to be effective in Primary Care, it is unknown whether it works in the same way in the hospital setting. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of brief counselling in order to modify the stage of change in smokers and at-risk drinkers treated in a high complexity hospital. Methods: A Randomized controlled trial to be conducted, in which an evaluation is made of four brief counselling strategies for smoking cessation and risky alcohol consumption compared to usual care, selected according to the patient's stage of change. The primary result will be the proportion of patients in each of the groups (intervention and control) with identified progress in the stage of change. The reduction of consumption will be also be analyzed. Protocol registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03521622). Results: The results will be published in scientific journals, and its application aims to generate behavioral intervention protocols for modifiable risk factors in high complexity hospitals. The trial was presented and approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio, Bogota, Colombia (Approval 01/2018).

Características biopsicosociales relacionadas con el consumo de cigarrillo y la intención de cesación en fumadores en un entorno universitario / Biopsychosocial characteristics related to smoking and cessation intention among smokers in a university environment

Resumen Introducción. El tratamiento de la dependencia tabáquica requiere la comprensión de múltiples factores que determinan los patrones de consumo y la posibilidad de lograr un cambio conductual. Objetivo. Establecer las características biopsicosociales asociadas con el consumo de cigarrillo y la intención de cesación de los usuarios de un programa interdisciplinario para dejar de fumar en un entorno universitario. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 134 usuarios del programa que completaron la fase de evaluación. Resultados. 56.7% de los participantes presentó un grado leve de tabaquismo; además, 67.2% tuvo una baja dependencia a la nicotina. Se encontró una tamización positiva para ansiedad y depresión en el 62.7% y 34.3% de la muestra, respectivamente. La mayoría de sujetos tenía por lo menos un amigo fumador (91%) (n=122) y había realizado al menos un intento previo de cesación (85.1%) (n=114); los individuos con riesgo de desarrollar ansiedad presentaron un mayor consumo diario de cigarrillos (Kruskal-Wallis p=0.041) que aquellos que no estaban en riesgo. Conclusiones. Diferentes aspectos personales, familiares y contextuales determinan la posibilidad de iniciar, continuar y/o recaer en el consumo de cigarrillos, por lo que la implementación de intervenciones efectivas exige la comprensión integral de los factores implicados en su consumo y en la intención de cesación.

Abstract Introduction: The treatment of tobacco dependence requires understanding multiple factors that determine consumption patterns and the possibility of achieving behavioral change. Objective: To establish the biopsychosocial characteristics associated with smoking and the intention of quitting in users of an interdisciplinary smoking cessation program in a university setting. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. The medical records of 134 program users who completed the evaluation phase were reviewed. Results: 56.7% of the participants presented a slight degree of tobacco consumption; moreover, 67.2% had a low level of physical dependence on nicotine. Positive screening for anxiety and depression was found in 62.7% and 34.3% of the sample, respectively. Most of the participants had at least one smoker friend (91%) and had made at least one previous cessation attempt (85.1%). Individuals at risk of developing anxiety smoked more cigarettes per day (Kruskal-Wallis p=0.041) than those who were not at risk. Conclusions: Multiple personal, family and environmental aspects determine the possibility of initiating, maintaining and/or relapsing into cigarette consumption. Thus, the implementation of effective interventions requires a comprehensive understanding of the factors associated with smoking and the intention to quit smoking.

Effectiveness of Brief Counseling in a Hospital Setting for Smoking Cessation and Risky Alcohol Drinking Reduction: Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol. / Efectividad de la consejería breve en el ámbito hospitalario para la cesación del tabaquismo y la disminución del consumo riesgoso de alcohol: Protocolo de un experimento clínico aleatorizado.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic diseases are a public health problem, and 80% of them are related to modifiable risk factors such as unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and risky alcohol consumption. Although the intervention in smoking and hazardous alcohol drinking has proven to be effective in Primary Care, it is unknown whether it works in the same way in the hospital setting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of brief counselling in order to modify the stage of change in smokers and at-risk drinkers treated in a high complexity hospital. METHODS: A Randomised controlled trial to be conducted, in which an evaluation is made of four brief counselling strategies for smoking cessation and risky alcohol consumption compared to usual care, selected according to the patient's stage of change. The primary result will be the proportion of patients in each of the groups (intervention and control) with identified progress in the stage of change. The reduction of consumption will be also be analysed. Protocol registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03521622). RESULTS: The results will be published in scientific journals, and its application aims to generate behavioural intervention protocols for modifiable risk factors in high complexity hospitals. The trial was presented and approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio, Bogota, Colombia (Approval 01/2018).

Efectos sobre la salud de los cigarrillos electrónicos: una revisión de la literatura / Effects of electronic cigarettes on health: a literature review

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar en la literatura reciente los dispositivos electrónicos disponibles en el mercado, reconocer su composición, uso actual, riesgos asociados a su uso sobre la salud, así como su posible uso como terapia de cesación de tabaquismo. Generar mayor compresión sobre CE y su importancia en el ámbito de la salud pública. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en bases de datos indexadas usando términos de búsqueda MeSH y DeCS encontrando 55 artículos con los criterios de inclusión y 5 revisiones adicionales de sociedades o estamentos gubernamentales. Resultados La diversidad en los tipos y componentes de los cigarrillos electrónicos ha aumentado la conciencia sobre su uso. Hasta el momento, el aumento de consumo de CE a nivel mundial ha logrado que muchas organizaciones emitan conceptos y revisen diferentes tipos de estudios en los que se evidencia la discrepancia entre lo ofrecido y lo presentado, y queda claro que no se puede emitir un concepto definitivo sobre estos dispositivos. Conclusiones El aumento en el uso de cigarrillo electrónico a nivel mundial ha disparado las alarmas sobre la regulación de los contenidos, las presentaciones, los efectos sobre la salud y las posibles recomendaciones de uso. Es necesario una mejor revisión de este dispositivo para dar un concepto claro al público.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the most recent literature on electronic cigarettes (EC) available in the market, in order to characterize their composition, current use, health risks associated with their use, as well as their possible use as smoking cessation therapy. To generate a greater understanding of EC and their importance in the field of public health. Materials and Methods A literature review was performed in indexed databases using MeSH and DeCS terms, finding 55 articles that met the inclusion criteria and five additional reviews of companies or governmental bodies. Results The diversity of the types and components of electronic cigarettes has increased awareness of their use. So far, the increase in EC consumption worldwide has led many organizations to issue concepts and review different types of studies that show evidence of a discrepancy between what is offered and what is presented. Consequently, it is clear that a definitive concept of their use cannot be issued. Conclusions The increase in the use of electronic cigarettes worldwide has triggered alarms on the regulation of contents, presentations, effects on health, and possible recommendations for their use, making it necessary to better review the issue in order to give a clear concept to the public.(AU)

Objetivo Identificar na literatura recente os dispositivos eletrônicos disponíveis no mercado, reconhecer sua composição, uso atual, riscos associados ao seu uso na saúde, bem como seu possível uso como terapia de cessação do tabaco. Gerar maior entendimento da EC e sua importância no campo da saúde pública. Materiais e métodos Uma revisão da literatura foi realizada em bancos de dados indexados, utilizando os termos de pesquisa MeSH e DeCS, encontrando 55 artigos com os critérios de inclusão e 5 revisões adicionais de empresas ou órgãos governamentais. Resultados A diversidade nos tipos e componentes de cigarros eletrônicos aumentou a conscientização sobre seu uso. Até o momento, o aumento do consumo da CE em todo o mundo levou muitas organizações a emitir conceitos e revisar diferentes tipos de estudos que mostram a discrepância entre o que é oferecido e o que é apresentado, e é claro que um conceito não pode ser emitido. definitivo sobre esses dispositivos. Conclusões O aumento do uso de cigarros eletrônicos em todo o mundo levantou alarmes sobre a regulamentação de conteúdo, apresentações, efeitos à saúde e possíveis recomendações de uso. Uma melhor revisão deste dispositivo é necessária para fornecer um conceito claro ao público.(AU)

[Effects of electronic cigarettes on health. A literature review]. / Efectos sobre la salud de los cigarrillos electrónicos. Una revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the most recent literature on electronic cigarettes (EC) available in the market, in order to characterize their composition, current use, health risks associated with their use, as well as their possible use as smoking cessation therapy. To generate a greater understanding of EC and their importance in the field of public health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review was performed in indexed databases using MeSH and DeCS terms, finding 55 articles that met the inclusion criteria and five additional reviews of companies or governmental bodies. RESULTS: The diversity of the types and components of electronic cigarettes has increased awareness of their use. So far, the increase in EC consumption worldwide has led many organizations to issue concepts and review different types of studies that show evidence of a discrepancy between what is offered and what is presented. Consequently, it is clear that a definitive concept of their use cannot be issued. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the use of electronic cigarettes worldwide has triggered alarms on the regulation of contents, presentations, effects on health, and possible recommendations for their use, making it necessary to better review the issue in order to give a clear concept to the public.

OBJETIVO: Identificar en la literatura reciente los dispositivos electrónicos disponibles en el mercado, reconocer su composición, uso actual, riesgos asociados a su uso sobre la salud, así como su posible uso como terapia de cesación de tabaquismo. Generar mayor compresión sobre CE y su importancia en el ámbito de la salud pública. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en bases de datos indexadas usando términos de búsqueda MeSH y DeCS encontrando 55 artículos con los criterios de inclusión y 5 revisiones adicionales de sociedades o estamentos gubernamentales. RESULTADOS: La diversidad en los tipos y componentes de los cigarrillos electrónicos ha aumentado la conciencia sobre su uso. Hasta el momento, el aumento de consumo de CE a nivel mundial ha logrado que muchas organizaciones emitan conceptos y revisen diferentes tipos de estudios en los que se evidencia la discrepancia entre lo ofrecido y lo presentado, y queda claro que no se puede emitir un concepto definitivo sobre estos dispositivos. CONCLUSIONES: El aumento en el uso de cigarrillo electrónico a nivel mundial ha disparado las alarmas sobre la regulación de los contenidos, las presentaciones, los efectos sobre la salud y las posibles recomendaciones de uso. Es necesario una mejor revisión de este dispositivo para dar un concepto claro al público.

Terapia de remplazo nicotínico asociada con reducción gradual del consumo de cigarrillos como estrategia de cesación de tabaco. Reporte de caso / Nicotinic Replacement Therapy Associated with Gradual Reduction as a Strategy of Smoking Cessation. Case report

El habitual proyecto de definir una fecha para dejar de fumar abruptamente ha sido refutado por muchos pacientes que han mostrado interés por reducir su consumo de modo gradual. La reducción progresiva utilizando terapia sustitutiva con nicotina previa a la cesación permitiría tratar a un mayor número de fumadores. El artículo presenta el caso de un paciente con alta dependencia a la nicotina, interesado en dejar de fumar, pero no de manera abrupta.

The usual approach to the treatment of smoking to set a date to stop smoking abruptly has been refuted by many patients who show interest in reducing their consumption gradually. The Progressive reduction using nicotine replacement therapy prior to cessation would treat a greater number of smokers. It's the case of a patient with high nicotine dependence, interested in quitting but not abruptly.

Eficacia y seguridad del uso de medicamentos para la cesación de la adicción al tabaco: revisión de guías de práctica clínica / Efficacy and safety of medication use for the cessation of tobacco addiction: Are view of Clinical Practice Guidelines

Objetivo Revisar la eficacia y seguridad de medicamentos para cesación del tabaquismo en el contexto de construcción de guías de práctica clínica (GPC). Métodos Revisión sistemática de GPC para adaptación mediante ADAPTE. Los desenlaces fueron cesación ≥6 meses y seguridad de las intervenciones. Las GPC se calificaron por pares con DELBI. Se extrajeron resultados de estudios agregativos incluidos en las guías seleccionadas. Resultados Los fármacos duplican la cesación comparados con placebo (tasas de 25,0 % hasta 27,0 % al combinarse con consejería). Los mayores incrementos en cesación se obtienen con ansiolíticos y antidepresivos (8,7% a 19,4%), y los menores con terapia de reemplazo nicotínico -TRN- (5,2% a 12,9%). La nortriptilina tiene eficacia similar al bupropion (aproximadamente 10,0 %). Con limitadas excepciones (parche e inhalador, tabletas y bupropion), las combinaciones de medicamentos no incrementan la abstinencia. Conclusiones TRN, vareniclina, bupropion y nortriptilina son eficaces para dejar de fumar. Las combinaciones de medicamentos requieren más evidencia y deberían restringirse a personas con alta dependencia o con falla terapéutica inicial. Serían deseables análisis de costo-efectividad para valorar implementación de programas en países en desarrollo.

Objective To review the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in the context of clinical practice guidelines (CPG). Methods A systematic review of CPGs was conducted, aimed at adapting recommendations for Colombia following the ADAPTE methodology. Outcomes comprised 6-months or higher smoking cessation rates and intervention safety. CPGs were peer-assessed based on DELBI. Results from aggregative studies included in selected CPGs were obtained. Results Pharmacotherapy doubles smoking cessation rates as compared with placebos (rates @25% and up to 27 % when combined with counseling). The highest efficacy was observed for ansyolitic and antidepressive drugs (8.7 % to 19.4 %), and the lowest for nicotine replacement therapy -NRT- (5.2 % to 12.9 %). Nortriptiline shows an efficacy similar to that of bupropion (@10%). With limited exceptions, combined pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation has shown no significant increase in cessation rates. Conclusions NRT, varenicline, bupropion and nortriptiline are effective treatments for smoking cessation. Combination of drugs deserves further clinical evidence and should be restricted to highly dependent smokers or initial therapeutic failure. Cost-effectiveness analyses might help to introduce smoking cessation programs in low and middle income countries.

[Efficacy and safety of medication use for the cessation of tobacco addiction: A review of Clinical Practice Guidelines]. / Eficacia y seguridad del uso de medicamentos para la cesación de la adicción al tabaco: revisión de guías de práctica clínica.

OBJECTIVE: To review the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in the context of clinical practice guidelines (CPG). METHODS: A systematic review of CPGs was conducted, aimed at adapting recommendations for Colombia following the ADAPTE methodology. Outcomes comprised 6-months or higher smoking cessation rates and intervention safety. CPGs were peer-assessed based on DELBI. Results from aggregative studies included in selected CPGs were obtained. RESULTS: Pharmacotherapy doubles smoking cessation rates as compared with placebos (rates @25% and up to 27 % when combined with counseling). The highest efficacy was observed for ansyolitic and antidepressive drugs (8.7 % to 19.4 %), and the lowest for nicotine replacement therapy -NRT- (5.2 % to 12.9 %). Nortriptiline shows an efficacy similar to that of bupropion (@10%). With limited exceptions, combined pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation has shown no significant increase in cessation rates. CONCLUSIONS: NRT, varenicline, bupropion and nortriptiline are effective treatments for smoking cessation. Combination of drugs deserves further clinical evidence and should be restricted to highly dependent smokers or initial therapeutic failure. Cost-effectiveness analyses might help to introduce smoking cessation programs in low and middle income countries.

Recomendaciones para la cesación de la adicción al tabaco en Colombia / Recommendations for smoking cessation in Colombia

Introducción. El tabaquismo es el principal factor de riesgo para enfermedades crónicas que constituyen la mayor carga en Colombia. Objetivos. Generar recomendaciones de práctica clínica sobre eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento para la cesación de la adicción al tabaco en adultos colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una adaptación basada en la metodología ADAPTE. Se buscaron guías de práctica clínica en Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS y Cochrane. Se evaluó la cesación a seis meses para consejería breve e intensiva, terapia de reemplazo nicotínico, bupropión, vareniclina, clonidina, nortriptilina, acupuntura, hipnosis, homeopatía y la combinación de tratamientos. Se utilizó el German Instrument for Methodological Guideline Appraisal (DELBI) para evaluar las guías de prácticalínica. Se seleccionaron las guías con puntaje mayor de 60 % en rigor metodológico y aplicabilidad en Colombia. Las preguntas sin evidencia fuerte se llevaron a consenso. Resultados. Se encontraron 925 referencias, se preseleccionaron 17 guías de práctica clínica y se escogieron 5 para adaptación. La consejería breve e intensiva, la terapia de reemplazo nicotínico, el bupropión, la nortriptilina y la vareniclina son eficaces en la cesación de tabaquismo (incrementó 5,1 % a 22,7 %). Los tratamientos alternativos no tienen eficacia demostrada en la cesación. El uso simultáneo de diferentes formas de terapia de reemplazo nicotínico es la única combinación con eficacia demostrada (OR 1,9; 95%: 1,3-2,7). Conclusiones. Existen diversas alternativas con eficacia demostrada para dejar de fumar. Los incrementos en las tasas de cesación son variables y la duración del efecto necesita mayor seguimiento. Para aplicar la consejería breve e intensiva en Colombia, se deben usar formatos estándar. Se requieren evaluaciones económicas para valorar el impacto y seleccionar las mejores intervenciones en el contexto colombiano.

Introduction: Chronic diseases represent the greatest burden of disease in Colombia for which smoking is the major risk factor. Objectives: To provide clinical practice recommendations based upon efficacy and safety of smoking cessation therapies for Colombian adults. Materials and methods: An adaptation of clinical practice guidelines (CPG) based on the ADAPT methodology was performed. We searched CPG on Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and Cochrane databases. Six months’ cessation rates were appraised for brief and intensive counseling, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, varenicline, clonidine, nortriptyline, acupuncture, hypnosis, homeopathy, and combined treatments. CPG were evaluated with DELBI and selected when having a score above 60% for methodological rigor of development and applicability to the Colombian health system. Formal consensus was performed for questions without strong evidence. Results: 925 references were found, 17 CPG were pre-selected and 5 selected for adaptation. Brief and intensive counseling, NRT, bupropion, nortriptyline, and varenicline are effective for smoking cessation (cessation rates augment 5.1%-22.7%). Alternative therapies have not demonstrated cessation efficacy. Concomitant use of different NRT is the only combination with demonstrated efficacy (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.3-2.7). Conclusions: Several alternatives for giving up tobacco smoking have confirmed efficacy. The absolute difference in cessation rates is variable among therapies and duration of effect requires further research. Brief and intensive counseling necessitate standardized formats for their implementation in Colombia. Economic evaluations are required to assess costs and benefits and to select the most suitable interventions for Colombia.

[Recommendations for smoking cessation in Colombia]. / Recomendaciones para la cesación de la adicción al tabaco en Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic diseases represent the greatest burden of disease in Colombia for which smoking is the major risk factor. OBJECTIVES: To provide clinical practice recommendations based upon efficacy and safety of smoking cessation therapies for Colombian adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An adaptation of clinical practice guidelines (CPG) based on the ADAPT methodology was performed. We searched CPG on Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and Cochrane databases. Six months' cessation rates were appraised for brief and intensive counseling, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, varenicline, clonidine, nortriptyline, acupuncture, hypnosis, homeopathy, and combined treatments. CPG were evaluated with DELBI and selected when having a score above 60% for methodological rigor of development and applicability to the Colombian health system. Formal consensus was performed for questions without strong evidence. RESULTS: 925 references were found, 17 CPG were pre-selected and 5 selected for adaptation. Brief and intensive counseling, NRT, bupropion, nortriptyline, and varenicline are effective for smoking cessation (cessation rates augment 5.1%-22.7%). Alternative therapies have not demonstrated cessation efficacy. Concomitant use of different NRT is the only combination with demonstrated efficacy (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.3-2.7). CONCLUSIONS: Several alternatives for giving up tobacco smoking have confirmed efficacy. The absolute difference in cessation rates is variable among therapies and duration of effect requires further research. Brief and intensive counseling necessitate standardized formats for their implementation in Colombia. Economic evaluations are required to assess costs and benefits and to select the most suitable interventions for Colombia.

[Alternative therapies for smoking cessation: clinical practice guidelines review]. / Terapias alternativas para la cesación de la adicción al tabaco: revisión de guías de práctica clínica.

BACKGROUND: smoking is a chronic disease in the group of addictions and its treatment includes two components:psychosocial and pharmacological intervention. Other types of therapeutic approaches have been used as treatment options for tobacco addiction. Acupuncture, hypnosis and homeopathy are the most used nonconventional interventions. OBJECTIVE: review the available evidence in regards to the use of alternative therapies for smoking cessation in the adult population from the published clinical practice guidelines (CPG). METHODS: we performed an adaptation process of clinical recommendations from a systematic review of the literature specifically related to the use of alternative therapies for smoking cessation. RESULTS: we found 925 references, 9 were pre-screened and selected 5 CPG for adaptation.Acupuncture and related techniques do not improve abstinence rates compared to the placebo effect. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of hypnosis as a therapy for smoking cessation. There is no evidence that justifies the use of homeopathic medicines for the treatment of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: alternative therapies have not demonstrated efficacy in cessation. It is recommended to use other treatment options with proven efficacy for smoking cessation.